What is Epizeuxis?

Epizeuxis is a rhetorical device in which a word or phrase is repeated in immediate succession, typically for vehemence or emphasis. It's derived from the Greek word meaning "fastening together." Other words for the general idea include cuckowspell, doublet, geminatio, underlay, and palilogia. Common examples include phrases like "Location, location, location!" or in literature, such as Shakespeare's "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow" from Macbeth. This figure of speech adds emotional intensity or highlights a point in speech or writing.

On this website, we also explore fascinating English sentences where the same word is repeated multiple times while remaining grammatically correct, often leveraging homonyms or multiple meanings of words. These examples showcase the quirks and flexibility of the English language.

Literary and Rhetorical Uses

Epizeuxis is commonly used in literature and speeches to convey strong emotions. Below is a card slider showcasing notable examples:

"Break, break, break, on thy cold gray stones, O Sea!"

- Alfred Lord Tennyson

"Never, never, never give up."

- Winston Churchill (adapted)

"Alone, alone, all, all alone."

- Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

"Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, creeps in this petty pace from day to day."

- William Shakespeare, Macbeth

"Shut up! Shut up!"

- Common emphatic command

"Arise, arise!"

- William Shakespeare, Cymbeline

These repetitions heighten the dramatic effect and stick in the reader's mind.

Examples of Repeated Words in Sentences

Words can also be repeated in immediate succession by using alternate meanings rather than for emphasis. Below is a card slider showcasing words that can be used twice or more in a row in grammatically correct English sentences, along with examples and explanations.

had

James, while John had had "had", had had "had had"; "had had" had had a better effect on the teacher.

This is an example of epizeuxis through the repetition of 'had' up to 11 times in sequences like 'had had'. It describes a scenario where two students (James and John) used different phrasing in a sentence: John used 'had' where 'had had' was more appropriate, and the teacher preferred James's version with 'had had' for clarity in past perfect tense.

that

It is true for all that that that that that that that refers to is not the same that that that that refers to.

This demonstrates epizeuxis with 'that' repeated up to 7 times consecutively. 'That' serves multiple roles (demonstrative pronoun, relative pronoun, conjunction), creating a grammatically correct but complex sentence distinguishing between different referents of 'that' in a meta-linguistic way.

buffalo

Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo.

An example of epizeuxis with 'buffalo' repeated 8 times. 'Buffalo' functions as a noun (the animal bison), a proper noun (the city Buffalo, NY), and a verb (to bully or intimidate). The sentence means: Bison from Buffalo that other bison from Buffalo bully, in turn bully other bison from Buffalo.

police

Police police Police police police police Police police.

This shows epizeuxis with 'police' repeated 8 times. 'Police' acts as a noun (law enforcement officers) and a verb (to regulate or control). It parses as: Police officers from the city of Police whom other Police police officers police, police other Police police officers.

will

Will, will Will will Will Will's will?

Epizeuxis here repeats 'will' 7 times. 'Will' is used as a modal verb (future tense), a verb (to desire or bequeath), a proper name (Will), and a noun (a legal testament). The sentence directs an interrogetory to (a first person named) Will regarding if (a second person named) Will desires to bequeath (yet a third person named) Will's will (document) to (a final fourth) Will.

and

There should be more space between fish and "and" and "and" and chips.

This illustrates epizeuxis with 'and' repeated 5 times in the phrase 'and "and" and "and" and'. It refers to a poorly spaced sign reading 'fish andandandand chips,' suggesting better spacing between 'fish' and the repeated 'and's in 'and chips.'

reservation

If you were to second-guess your decision to book time to visit a Native American community, that would be a reservation reservation reservation.

Epizeuxis with 'reservation' repeated 3 times at the end. 'Reservation' means a booking (time slot), a doubt (having reservations), and land set aside for Native Americans (a reservation). The sentence describes having doubts about a booking to visit such a community.

is

The issue is, is that we need to clarify what it is.

In this sentence, the word "is" appears twice consecutively in the phrase "is, is." The first "is" is part of the introductory phrase "The issue is," which sets up the subject and acts as a copula linking the subject "The issue" to the rest of the sentence. The second "is" serves as the main verb in the clause "is that we need to clarify what it is," connecting the subject to the predicate. This construction, while not common in formal writing, is grammatically valid, especially in spoken English, where the repeated "is" acts as a stylistic pause or emphasis to reset the sentence for clarity.

fish

Fish fish fish fish fish fish fish.

The sentence "Fish fish fish fish fish fish fish" is a grammatically correct English sentence, leveraging the multiple meanings of the word "fish." In this context, "fish" can function as a noun referring to the animal, a verb meaning to catch fish, and, in some interpretations, as an adjective or part of a compound noun (e.g., "fish fish" could be parsed as fish that are caught by fishing). The sentence can be understood as a complex structure describing fish (the noun) that fish (the verb) for other fish, which in turn fish for other fish, and so on. For a clearer interpretation, consider a simplified version: "Fish fish fish," which can mean "Fish (that are caught by) fish (that) fish."

because

I couldn’t attend the meeting because, because of the storm, the roads were closed.

In this sentence, the word "because" appears twice in a row, separated by a comma. The first "because" introduces the reason for not attending the meeting, while the second "because" is part of the phrase "because of the storm," which explains why the roads were closed. This construction is grammatically correct, as the comma clarifies the distinct roles of each "because"—one as a conjunction for the main clause and the other within a prepositional phrase.